The Peninsula Times - COP31: Izinhlangano zeziMphakathi zaseNingizimu Melika Zihlukene Ngaphambi Kokuhlangana e-Antalya

Izwe laseNingizimu Melika liya emhlanganweni wezwe lonke wezimo sezulu (COP31) e-Antalya, eTurkey, ngenkuthalo encane kakhulu kunalokho elibonise nyakenye e-Belém, eBrazil. Lokhu kushintsha kwenzeka ngoba amaqembu ezombusazwe ashintshile, okuholele ekutheni izwe lonke lishintshe indlela elivumelanisa ngayo imikhuba yaso mayelana nokuzinza kwesimo sezulu.

I-COP31 iqala ngoMsombuluko, ku-9 Novemba, eTurkey. I-Australia izoba ngumengameli wemihlangano. Inhloso yaleli hlangana ukuxazulula imisebenzi engapheliwe evela e-Belém: amaphepha emigomo amabili okungakhethwa ngawo mayelana nokushiya amafuthi, ukhaya, nezinye izinto ezinamandla (fossil fuels), kanye nokumisa ukusika imihlaba. Kunesidingo sokwandisa imali yezimo sezulu.

Kodwa-ke, isimo sezombusazwe sishintshile kakhulu. Izwe laseColombia likhethile uMengameli oqinisekise ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamafuthi nokusebenzisa i-fracking. Lokhu kumele ukushintsha okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhakha edlule eyayifuna ukushiya amafuthi.

Echile, uhulumeni olusha luyisusile izigqibo ezingaphezu kuka-40 zezindawo ezilondoloziwe ngaphansi kwamasonto ambalwa okuqala. Futhi bunciphise imali yehhovisi lezindawo ezilondoloziwe nezivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba, kuhlanganise ne-Escazú Agreement.

EBolivia, uMengameli Rodrigo Paz ususe ihhovisi lezindawo ezilondoloziwe ngokuphelele ngo-Agasti. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izwe alisakwazi ukusebenza ngendlela eyayisebenza ngayo ngaphambili.

IBrazil iyisibonelo esikhethekile. UMengameli Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ubuyisele uhulumeni owahola i-COP30, kodwa manje unamangqamuzana ambalwa kakhulu kunonyaka odlule. Ngisho noLula uthole ukukhuluma okungalungile ngokusekela ukubumba amafuthi endaweni yaseAmazon.

Andrés Gómez, osekela umphathi wezwe laseNingizimu Melika kuFossil Fuel Treaty Initiative, uthe: "Sinendlela yokuphila ehlukile kakhulu kunonyaka odlule. Amaqembu ezombusazwe anamandla amaningi afuna ukusebenzisa konke okusezingeni labo."

Nakuba kukhona ukwahlukana, uAna Toni, owayeyinhloko ye-COP30, uthemba ukuthi amandla akhiwe e-Belém azogcina esebenza. Uthe: "Ngithemba kakhulu ukuthi amandla akhiwe e-COP30 azogcina esebenza e-COP31."

ITurkey ibikezela ukuthi leli hlangana liyoba yi-"COP yokusebenza," okusho ukuthi izosiza amazwe ukuthi aqonde imigomo yabo yezimo sezulu. Izwe laseNingizimu Melika linikeze izicelo ezishintshiwe zokunciphisa umonakalo wezimo sezulu (NDCs) ngaphansi kweParis Agreement eminyakeni emibili edlule. Kodwa-ke, iArgentina, iGuatemala, neHaiti azikabikezeli.

Ngaphansi kwaleli sivumelwano, izicelo zithunyelwa njalo eminyakeni emihlanu futhi kufanele zibe namandla amaningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kusiza ekunciphiseni umonakalo wezimo sezulu.

ITurkey ibeka ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi njengenye yezinto ezibalulekile. UMengameli we-COP31, uMurat Kurum, unikele isifiso sokuthi inani lamandla kagesi asetshenziswayo liwe ku-35% ngo-2035, kusukela ku-20% manje.

Izwe laseNingizimu Melika linamandla kagesi angu-20% okusetshenziswa kwalo. Kodwa-ke, amandla awo ahlanzekile kakhulu: 65% wamandla kagesi avela ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ngo-2025.

Ukukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuxhumana kwesimo sezulu nezombusazwe. U Alejandra López, osekela umphathi wezindaba zezimo sezulu kuTransforma, uthe: "Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi, ukuthuthwa, ukuphepha kwamandla, nokudala amathuba okusebenza: zonke lezi zinto azinayo imibala yezombusazwe futhi azivami ukubizwa ngokuthi yizinto zezindawo ezilondoloziwe."

E-COP30, iBrazil ifuna ukufaka izinkulumo ezicacile mayelana nokumisa ukusika imihlaba nokushiya amafuthi. Kodwa-ke, umehluko phakathi kwamazwe wenze lokhu kungabi khona ekugcineni. Ngakho-ke, iBrazil inikeze amaphepha emigomo amabili okungakhethwa ngawo: owodwa mayelana nokushiya amafuthi, olunye mayelana nokulondoloza imihlaba.

Ukusika imihlaba kuyinto ebalulekile. ISouth America ilahlekelwe yimihlaba engaphezu kwanoma iyiphi indawo phakathi kuka-2015 no-2025, ngokwesilinganiso sama-hectare ayizigidi ezine nenyanga ngamunye. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yezolimo, ukulima izinkomo, nokwakhiwa kwamapayipi.

IBrazil ithole impumelelo ethile: ukusika imihlaba kwayo sekuphansi kunaku-1988. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwamafuthi kukhuphuke ngo-20% nyakenye, okuholelwe yiGuyana neBrazil. IArgentina neBrazil zifuna ukwandisa lokhu.

UAna Toni uthe ukushiya amafuthi akuyona nje into yezimo sezulu, kodwa futhi yezomnotho, yezombusazwe, nezokuzimela kwamazwe. Ukhomba ukuphazamiseka okukhulu eStrait of Hormuz.

Imali yezimo sezulu iyinto ebalulekile. I-COP30 inikeze isifiso sokuthi kufinyelelwe ku-USD 1.3 trillion ngonyaka wezimali zezimo sezulu ezizosiza amazwe athuthukayo ngo-2035. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwandiswa kwemali yokulungiselela imvula nokomileyo.

Abacabangi bathi lesi sifiso asinayo indlela ecacile yokuthi ubani ozosiza. U Tariye Gbadegesin, osekela umphathi weClimate Investment Funds, uthe: "Umhlaba udinga imali yokulungiselela izindawo ezizuzwayo ukuze zivikeleke emvuleni nasekomileni. Amazwe athuthukayo athola imali engu-12-14 izikhathi ngaphansi kwenani abadinga."

IBrazil futhi yakhula i-Tropical Forests Forever Facility, isisekelo sokukhokha amazwe ukuthi agcine imihlaba yabo iphilile. Injongo yokuhlanganisa imali ingu-USD 10 billion ngo-2026. Izibophezelo zifinyelele ku-USD 8 billion, kodwa abaxhasi bafuna ukuthi kube ngu-USD 125 billion.

Kubalulekile ukuthi ubani ozokhokha futhi ngaphansi kwemigomo yini. Phakathi kuka-2016 no-2020, izwe laseNingizimu Melika lithole i-17% yemali yezimo sezulu, okuningi kwayo kwaba ngamabhuku kunokuba yimvuzo. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi amazwe abe namadili amaningi.

Ngaphambi kokuhlangana, izwe laseNingizimu Melika livame ukuxoxa ngokwayo noma ngamaqembu amancane. Akukho ndlela yokuvota njengoba kwenziwa e-Afrika. Izwe lisebenza ne-Group of 77, iAilac, iGrupo Sur, noma iBolivarian Alternative for the Americas.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa imihlangano. U María Fernanda Souza, osekela umphathi wezimo sezulu eUruguay, uthe: "Akukwazi ukuxoxa njengamaqembu okwenza izinto zibe nzima." Uthe: "Angikwazi ukuthi yini esingakwenza ukuze sibe nomunye. Amathuba okuxoxa ndawonye anamandla amakhulu kunokuxoxa ngokwayo."

U Souza uthe izidingo zezwe laseNingizimu Melika zihlukile kakhulu nezwezwe zaseCaribbean. Kodwa-ke, u López uthi amazwe kufanele ahlangane mayelana nemali yezimo sezulu.

U Ana Toni akavumi ukuthi izwe laseNingizimu Melika alikwazi ukuvumelana. Ukhomba ukuthi i-Afrika, nakuba ihlukene, ivota ndawonye. Uthe: "Ngicabanga kuyatholakala futhi kufanele senze kanjalo."

U López uthemba ukuthi uma izwe laseNingizimu Melika lingabi khona e-COP31, lokhu kunganciphisa amandla awo e-COP32 e-Ethiopia. Ukhomba ukuthi uma i-Afrika ibhekwa njengendawo ekhethekile, izwe laseNingizimu Melika lingashiyeka ngaphandle kokuthi libalulekile.

Ngakho-ke, isimo sezombusazwe esishintshayo siphindaphinda ukuthi izwe laseNingizimu Melika liyodinga ukuthi lihlangane ukuze lisindise amandla awo ekulweleni isimo sezulu.

(Z.Nkosi--TPT)